Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

2021 Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

Issues 1&2: Selected papers presented in the

41st Annual Conference of MEEA/ASSA, Online, January 3-7, 2021

19th International MEEA Conference, Online, Piri Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey, October 9-10, 2021

96th Western Economic Association Conference, Online, June, 2021 

Copyright License Agreement

Presentation of the articles in the Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies was made possible by a limited license granted to Loyola University Chicago and Middle East Economics Association from the authors who have retained all copyrights in the articles. The articles in this volume shall be cited as follows: (authors/title) Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, electronic journal, Volume 23, Number, 1-2 Middle East Economic Association and Loyola University Chicago, 2021, http://meea.sites.luc.edu

Editor and Publisher of Electronic Journal
E. Mine Cinar, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Research Associate

Abby Peterson, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA



Editorial Advisory Board for Volume 23

Hassan Aly, Emeritus, Ohio State University, and Dean, Nile University, Cairo, Egypt
Hadi Esfahani, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
Moamen Gouda, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea
Shawkat Hammoudeh, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA  
Nathalie Hilmi, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Pricipality of Monaco
Mahdi Majbouri, Babson College, MA, USA 
Marcus Marktanner, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
Mahmoud Mohieldin, The World Bank, USA
Jeffrey Nugent, University of Southern California, CA, USA
Rahel Schomaker, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria and German Research Institute for Public Administration in Speyer, Germany
 Wassim Shahin, Dean, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon