Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

2023 Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

Issues 1&2: Selected papers on MEEA and those presented in the

43nd Annual Conference of MEEA/ASSA, Hybrid, January 4-8, 2023

98th Western Economic Association Conference, Hybrid, June 2023 

Copyright License Agreement

Presentation of the articles in the Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies was made possible by a limited license granted to Loyola University Chicago and Middle East Economics Association from the authors who have retained all copyrights in the articles. The articles in this volume shall be cited as follows: (authors/title) Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, electronic journal, Volume 25, Numbers 1-2, Middle East Economic Association and Loyola University Chicago, 2023, http://meea.sites.luc.edu

Editor and Publisher of Electronic Journal
E. Mine Cinar, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Co-Editor
Shawkat Hammoudeh, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA  

Research Associates

Ben Mielke, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Emily Lucarelli, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Isabella Kifer, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Samantha Chipman, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Editorial Advisory Board for Volume 25

Hassan Aly, Emeritus, Emeritus, Ohio State University, and Dean, Nile University, Cairo, Egypt
Riza Demirer, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, USA
Ahmed Elsayed, Durham University Villach, UK
Moamen Gouda, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, South Korea  
Nathalie Hilmi, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Principality of Monaco
Mahdi Majbouri, Babson College, MA, USA 
Mahmoud Mohieldin, The World Bank, USA
Jeffrey Nugent, University of Southern California, CA, USA
Rahel Schomaker, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria and German Research Institute for Public Administration, Speyer, Germany
 Wassim Shahin, Dean, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon