Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

2018 Proceedings of the Middle East Economic Association

Issues 1&2: Selected papers presented in the

16th International MEEA Conference in TED University Trade Research Center in Ankara, Turkey May 18-20,  2017

38th Annual Conference of MEEA in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania January 4-7, 2018

Copyright License Agreement

Presentation of the articles in the Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies was made possible by a limited license granted to Loyola University Chicago and Middle East Economics Association from the authors who have retained all copyrights in the articles. The articles in this volume shall be cited as follows: (authors/title)Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, electronic journal, Volume 20, Number, Middle East Economic Association and Loyola University Chicago, 2018, http://meea.sites.luc.edu

Editor and Publisher of Electronic Journal
E. Mine Cinar, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA

Research Associates
Nicole B. Karwowski, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA
Ramakanth Tallapragada, Loyola University Chicago, IL, USA


Editorial Advisory Board for Volume 20
Hassan Aly, Ohio State University and Doha Institute for Graduate Studies,Qatar
Mohammed Benbouziane, University of Tlemcen, Algeria
Claude Berthomieu, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France
Hadi Esfahani, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
Alpay Filiztekin, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey
Hisham Foad, San Diego State University, CA, USA 
Shawkat Hammoudeh, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA 
Nathalie Hilmi, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Pricipality of Monaco
Ali Kutan, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, IL, USA 
Mahdi Majbouri, Babson College, MA, USA 
Jeffrey Nugent, University of Southern California, LA, USA
Edward Sayre, University of Southern Mississippi, MS, USA 
Rahel Schomaker, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria and German Research Institute for Public Administration in Speyer, Germany